Ethics and Issues in Counseling Essay

Question 1 a) Ethics are a list of conduct or principles drawn with the purpose of providing a guideline to what defines professional practice (Corey, 2009) while values are the basis of one’s thoughts or ideals in which decisions are generated (Manthei, 1997). Certain institutions derive their own core values to help provide a guide to â€Å"proper† behaviors. In simple terms, ethics are like â€Å"rules† within a society, culture or institution while values are like â€Å"policeman† in our mind, helping us determine between desirable and non-desirable behaviors while keeping in mind these â€Å"rules† that governs them (Dolgoff, Loewenberg & Harrington, 2008). The professional code of ethics is a guide designed to determine what constitutes professionalism in which governs the institution in the best interest of the values of the profession (Corey, 2009). It not only serves as a clarification to existing and future members of the institution or association governing it, but also helps supports the mission and vision of the institution or association. Its objective is to provide guidelines to practitioners, clarify the professional stand of institutions and organizations governing these practitioners, and at the same time protecting the rights of clients (consumers) (Corey, Corey & Callanan, 2003). The Professional Code of Ethics also helps to bound practitioners ethically so that they do not try to impose their own values onto others and behave as moral authorities. While the Professional Code of Ethics may be written as clear as possible and as comprehensive as possible, in reality there are person’s feelings, values, as well as emotions involved, which are absent during the compilation (Betan, 1997). The ACA Code of Ethics (2005) states â€Å"Counselors terminate a counseling relationship when it becomes reasonably apparent that the client no longer needs assistance, is not likely to benefit, or is being harmed by continued counseling.† The practitioner would be caught in a conflict when his agency deems the client fit to be discharged but he feels otherwise (Betan, 1997). Ethical guides may not be easily integrated into one of vast cultural diversity like that of Singapore as most of the Professional Code of Ethics were formulated within that of a Western context. As such, cultural, socioeconomic as well as linguistic differences may have been neglected in the process (Betan, 1997); while the code may hold autonomy of client at high regards, the cultural stand of the client may not be so. Confidentiality itself also poses a great arguing standpoint especially in a multicultural context whereby there are traditions as well as cultural rules to adhere to (Welfel, 2012). Another important point to not neglect while considering the limitations of the Professional Code of Ethics is its congruency towards the local state laws (Betan, 1997). For instance, one state regulation for consumption of alcohol may differ that from another. In putting ethics into consideration, practitioners should also be aware of their own local state laws. b) Two values that I value as important in life are honesty and being just, ie to try my best to make sure I give or receive equal treatments. Being a straightforward person, I believe in being honest at all times and to take responsibility for your own actions. I believe in giving others a benefit of doubt, unless I have concrete evidence that he/she is telling a lie. I uphold the value of equality; to treat others the way you would like to be treated. Thus, I try my very best not to be bias and constantly remind myself to stay in a neutral stand when others are involved. Because I believe strongly in always giving others the benefit of doubt, I would not doubt on the credibility of my clients’ words even though they might sound absurd. By doing so, it gains trust from clients and help in rapport building with clients. On the flip side, if the client is not a willing client, he might manipulate the trust I have and may try to lie and mislead me. Due to my eagerness to be non-bias and be fair and just as much as I can, I may end up trying to argue and inevitably try to prove myself when some clients at times show biasness towards me due to my experience and age. This  could hinder my work with them as I might try to convince them that they are being bias and indirectly in one way or another, try to argue or indirectly try hard to prove myself. This may come across to some as being argumentative, especially when I always have something to retort back whenever they say something negative, thus spoiling the therapeutic relationship. Of course, being non-bias is important in the counseling relationship as it helps one to not be judgmental and to always maintain a partial perspective. Question 2 The 6 moral principles forming the basis of functioning at the highest level of ethical profession as summarized by Corey et al. (2003, p.16) are autonomy, veracity, justice, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and fidelity. Autonomy refers to the rights or freedom to decide and make independent decisions or choices in one’s own accord within a social and cultural context. Thus, the respect for such autonomy brings about an acceptance that others have a right to choose and act in accordance to his own wishes, unless they hinder the rights of others (Altmaier & Hansen, 2011); practitioners aim at encouraging independence in client and discourage client’s dependency on him. Veracity or truthfulness refers to the practitioner being obliged to be truthful with his clients (Corey et al., 2003). The guideline in the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct of the American Psychological Association (2002) states, â€Å"Psychologists do not make false, deceptive, or fraudulent statements†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (para. 5.01b) since trust is very important in building up a good therapeutic relationship with clients. Justice means to be fair by providing equal treatment to all regardless of culture, religion, race, gender, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, disability or age, as they are entitled to equal access and treatment (Corey et al, 2003). To be nonmaleficence means to not cause harm, including actions that might pose a risk to harm another (Altmaier & Hansen, 2011). Practitioners are responsible for their clients to ensure that their risks for exploitation or might result in potential harm are brought down to a minimal (Corey et al, 2003). Beneficence refers to promoting the good and the wellbeing of clients and of others, to help clients grow and develop in their cultural context as well as doing good in their social context (Corey et al, 2003). In short, practitioners are responsible towards contributing to the welfare and growth of another being (Altmaier & Hansen, 2011). Lastly but not least, fidelity means to be truthful in making honest and realistic commitments and honoring these commitments (Corey et al, 2003). It is very important to build a trusting relationship between the practitioners and the people whom they work with and thus practitioners are responsible to make sure they honor fidelity at least on their end (Altmairt & Hansen, 2011). Question 3 a) The 8 essential personal attributes of an effective counselor are emotional intelligence (EQ), warmth and care, unconditional positive attitude (regard), genuineness and authenticity, patience, analytical ability, person-centered and nurturing style of communication and lastly, clear and specific communication. Emotional intelligence is defined as the ability to be able to distinguish and have self-awareness of one’s own as well as others’ emotions and feelings, and to be able to use this and guide one’s behavior and thinking, hence encourages development of emotional closeness with the client (Coetzee & Jacobs, 2006). Warmth and care is important in the therapeutic relationship in rapport building as it helps show client that the practitioner is genuinely concern (Coetzee & Jacobs, 2006). When warmth and care is present, practitioner is more aware of client’s cognitive and  emotional needs and the relationship will be more accepting towards each other (Coetzee & Jacobs, 2006). Unconditional positive attitude (regard) is important because it challenges client’s beliefs that if they do not behave in a certain way, others would not accept them. Client had to be sure that his counselor would still see him in the same way after the ‘awful truth’ is made known (Dryden, 1999). The role of genuineness simply means to be yourself; to be sincere, transparent and not putting on a false front (Palmer & Milner, 2006). This role of being genuine and authentic is one that is most challenging, as it requires one to have very high level of self-awareness (Palmer & Milner, 2006). It is important for counselors to have this quality due to the high level of trust needed in order to build effective therapeutic relationship with clients. Patience is an important attribute as different types of clients requires different amount of time to build the trust with practitioners and to be able to open up. While some clients do not have difficulty expressing themselves, some of them do find great difficulty in doing so and would then require much more patience and time from the counselor. Analytical ability is important in listening as it helps the counselor to be able to analyze his own emotions as well as facial expressions while listening to the client (Singh, 2007). In terms of case study, analytical ability is also important to the counselor in helping him to analyze and decipher the bulk of information being presented to him (Singh, 2007). Person-centeredness style of communication refers to the ability to communicate to accept another as a complete unique individual (Wood, 2009). That is to say, counselors do not form pre-conceptualized ideas on how the person is like and not make assumptions during the conversation with client. Nurturing communication occurs when parties involved in the conversation relate to each other in a caretaking manner; indicating to each other that the relationship is being valued (Wood, 2009). Last but not least, clear and specific communication is very important in ensuring that the counseling session is being communicated in the way that it is meant to, without allowing either parties involved to have any misunderstandings after the session. b) If I were to choose 3 attributes that I think are important for myself to undergo the necessary personal transformation, it would be patience, analytical ability and unconditional positive regard. I think that I sometimes lack patience in a counseling session and tend to unknowingly try to rush the conversation by interrupting and not giving client enough time to think about what was being said or asked. Also at times, client may need time for reflection, resulting in pauses during the conversation. While I understand the importance of having such ‘quiet moments’ in a counseling session, I tend to be impatient and would unknowingly try to say something to fill up these ‘uneasy moments of silence’. Analytical ability is something, which I feel I am lacked of. I find myself ‘lost’ in long lengthy conversations at times and unable to ‘process’ huge amounts of information shared. I tend to be more straight-forth in my facial expressions too, and I hope to be more cautious in this area, thus being able to give information being shared more thoughts instead of just deciphering it from the surface level. To be able to achieve complete unconditional positive regard in a conversation is I feel, requires that of a high cognitive level. As every single individual comes from a different background and different culture and social environment, unconditional positive regards is important if counselors want to build on having a therapeutic relationship with client. Without it, clients would not want to return for further therapies or might refrain from sharing certain important information, which could be helpful in the therapeutic process. References: American Psychological Association. (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Washington, DC: Author. Altmaier, E.M. & Hansen, J.C. (2011). The Oxford Handbook of Counseling Psychology. NY: Oxford University Press Betan, E.J.(1997). Toward a hermeneutic model of ethical decision making in clinical practice. Ethics Behaviour, 7(4), 347-365. doi: 10.1207/s15327019eb0704_6 Coetzee, M. & Jacobs, H.R. (2006) Career Counselling and Guidance in the Workplace. Cape Town, South Africa: Juta and Company Corey, G. (2009). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy (8th Ed, pp. 37) CA: Cengage Learning Corey, G., Corey, M.S. & Callanan, P. (2003). Issues and Ethics in the Helping Professions. (6Th Ed) CA: Brooks/Cole Dryden, W. (1999) Four Approaches to Counselling and Psychotherapy. NY: Routledge Dolgoff, R., Loewenberg, F.M. & Harrington, D. (2008). Ethical Decisions for Social Work Practice (8Th Ed, pp. 19-23) CA: Cengage Learning Manthei, R. (1997). Counselling: The Skills of Finding Solutions to Problems. NZ: Routledge Palmer, S. & Milner, P. (2006) Integrative Stress Counselling: A Humanistic Problem-Focused Approach. GB: Sage Publications Co. Singh, K. (2007). Counselling Skills for Managers. New Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Wood, J.T. (2009) Interpersonal Communication: Everyday Encounters. CA: Cengage Learning Welfel, E.R. (2012). Ethics in Counseling & Psychotherapy (5th Ed, pp. 150-160) CA: Cengage Learning.

Personal Ethic statement Essay

†¢Do you agree with the results of your Work Culture Preferences activity? Does it match with what you considered your ideal work culture? Yes, I agree with the results of my Work Culture Preferences activity. The result matches with my considered ideal wok culture. My result was being High powered, and teamwork centered, and expert. I agree with being High powered because I like to try different jobs and learning new skills. These skills will help me become more competitive in a demanding job market. Most demanding jobs are teamwork centered and require being in the creative atmosphere. I’m glad that I received this result to see my strong points in the work culture. This will help me what to expect in a career that I’m looking forward to. †¢Do you think there is a relationship between effective study habits and techniques and being successful in those work cultures? Explain your answers. Yes, I think there is a relationship between effective study habits and techniques of being successful in those work cultures by being successful in those cultures. Study habits and techniques are all part of note taking; they are extremely helpful in remembering important detail about a particular subject. By using effective study habits and techniques, can tremendously help you when taking quiz or test. While taking a test, you can remember from the top of your head of what you had wrote down for studied to answer that question. In work culture, it will help you memorize your work procedure and guidelines. †¢What was your ethical perspective as identified by the ELI, including your blind spot, strengths, weaknesses, and values? My ethical perspective as identified by the ELI was prioritizing the value of autonomy over equality. My concern is to protect individual rights and ensure everyone is treated fairly. I believe that my good is good enough, leaving problems unresolved for everyone else. By doing this, I’m too focused on good motive and don’t see the problems in my method. My strengths are able to make responsible choices that benefit many different individuals  at the same time. Thinking through problem carefully and research options to find the one that will fulfill my duties. My values are to make sure my actions are good for the community as a whole. †¢How do personal ethics play a role in academics? How might they play a role in the workplace? Personal ethics play a role in academics by setting an atmosphere of truthfulness and trust. This help to ensure every decision we make is one that upholds values. They are the decision that make and must continue to lure of the easy way out, by making ourselves better. Personal ethics also play a role in workplace by keeping our work or ideas original to us. This challenges corporation to translate their mission statement into every employee. Leading corporation to higher performance for business and society. In addition, promote employee and customer trustworthy relation for truthful business and services to the company. †¢What connection is there to your ethical perspective and your ideal work culture? The connection within my ethical perspective and work culture is they both require fairness and equality in both. The support of each other as a team benefits and the success of the workplace. It would also increase the want to be at the workplace and part of the team. Creating an environment that encourages people to express opinions and creative atmosphere. These connections promote unity for subordinate, co-worker, and supervisors to work and focus on task at hand. It both encourages people to share and express their opinions. Increasing likelihood of rapid promotion and other benefits to each.

Personal Development Plan for Strategic Managers Essay

Personal Development Plan for Strategic Managers - Essay Example The paper tells that SWOT analysis was developed by Albert Humphrey during the 60’s and the 70’s a result of a project aimed at identifying the causes behind planning failure of corporations. SWOT analysis is defined as â€Å"a strategic planning tool used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats involved n a project or in a business venture†. SWOT analysis help in identifying both, internal and external, factors influencing the performance of the organization and had proved to be quite helpful for many organizations in scenario planning. Moreover, it provides an overview of the present situation and where the organization stands in the market, which is very useful in the decision making process. That being said, SWOT analysis is also used to perform self-analysis in order to obtain a better understanding of oneself with reference to career. It does not only help in identifying ones strengths and weaknesses but also points out the talents of a person on the basis of which decisions related to career can be made. A personal SWOT analysis is performed in exactly the same manner as the one performed for business except that the person, whom the analysis concerns, must perform it him or herself and honestly provide all the information. It is more of an introspective report that allows a person to look deeper in self. Keeping all these points in mind, the researcher performed the SWOT analysis on himself. ... It is more of an introspective report that allows a person to look deeper in self. Keeping all these points in mind, I performed the SWOT analysis on myself and following are the results: Strengths Double Bachelors – The two most desired degrees in computer science are of BSc (Hons): Computer Science and BCS (Bachelors of Computer Science. Often students are confused about which degree to get of the two. I have both these degrees, which give me an edge over most graduates of computer science. Moreover, I am also a Microsoft Certified System Administrator. All these skills have equipped me with the skills required to survive in the industry of computer science. Multiple Work Experience – I have work experience in different industries like food, banking, and healthcare. I have been involved in customer services for a while for different companies and so I have extensive experience in the field. Moreover, I have worked in different regions like Abuja, Nigeria, and differen t parts of England which has given me knowledge of different cultures, increasing my ability to understand difference in customer behavior. I also have experience in the field of marketing. Leadership and Communication Skills – I have worked as a leader of many different teams in the past and have also played the role of a motivator in the teams. I have supervised employees at different place, which has improved my leadership and communications skills. I do not only have leadership skills but also know how to work under someone else’s leadership for which I have been rewarded with the award for best team member at BLOSSOM. Ambitious, Motivated, and Multi-interested – I have always been very ambitious which is why I have double bachelors. I’m eager to learn new things and have a

Assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment 1 - Essay Example It is true that in today's world the Iranian government was â€Å"Feeling its oats.† The government is looking for a way for Iran to gain more influence in the region. That is one of the reasons they were pursuing a nuclear program. At the same time they were also pursuing partnerships with both Syria and Hezbollah in Lebanon which has allowed them to further hem Israel into its corner. They wanted to have more influence and impact on the countries in the region. The truth is that because the American invasion of Iraq left a power vacuum in the region, the Iranians have been able to capitalize on it and gain more influence in Iraq. In a sense, Iranian interests have been served, but so have American ones. This has encouraged them and given them confidence as they pursue the expansion of their belligerent programs. They must be stopped. The United States must not allow this aggression to stand. At risk is their relationship with their ally Israel. Israel is under direct threat from Iran whose leaders have many times threatened to destroy them (The Economist). The truth is that the U.S. Can only take Iran at its word.

Organizational Quality Culture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational Quality Culture - Assignment Example A quality manual is a document prepared by the management of an organization, and it establishes and illustrates the overall policies which govern the quality management system. The policies explain the intention of the management in overseeing operations in accordance with the established quality framework (Lee & Dale 220). 2. In a quality system, the quality manual has various purposes. The quality manual illustrates the processes required for quality management systems of the organization and the usage of this system in the entire organization. The quality manual also describes the sequence and the interaction of the quality management processes in the organization. The quality manual finally describes the most appropriate criteria required for ensuring effective and efficient operation and control of production processes. 3. Quality documentation systems have several purposes in the organization. The system ensures that correct, consistent and complete information is effectively utilized in realizing customer and other stakeholders’ requirements. Good documentation system is also a major part of the organization’s quality assurance system. 1. Work instructions are a sequence of procedures or steps that are required to effectively perform or execute an activity in the organization. Work instructions have importance in the organization. The first importance is that it provides reference during employee training sessions; this ensures employees are equipped with adequate competencies. The second importance is that work instructions ensure consistency in work execution; this is because all the employees needed in performing a specified job are trained in the same manner.

Discuss the windows 2000 Emergency Repair Process Essay - 1

Discuss the windows 2000 Emergency Repair Process - Essay Example The Emergency Repair Process can accomplish a number of tasks, it has the ability to repair and inspect the startup environment, it can swap the system volume boot sector, it can replace and verify system files, and replace the registry if it is badly corrupted or missing. For the successful use of the Emergency Repair Process it is necessary that you have an Emergency Repair Disk or an ERD. It is suggested that the Emergency Repair Disk is created after you install and customize your Windows operating system. This disk can be created using the ‘Backup’ utility from the System Tools. The Emergency Repair Disk can be used to fix a damaged MBR, a damaged boot sector, and replace or repair a damaged or missing NT Loader or NTLDR and ntdetect.com files. It is possible that the Emergency Repair Process can try to locate the Windows installation and then start fixing your system, incase you do not have the Emergency Repair Disk, however it is not always possible. The Emergency Process is generally used when you are unable to start your computer using the Last Known Good Configuration or the Windows 2000 Safe Mode. The successful completion of the Emergency Repair Process will repair your system and your computer will automatically restart itself and your system will start functioning as

Discuss some issue of personal, local, national, or international Essay

Discuss some issue of personal, local, national, or international concern and its importance to you - Essay Example This is because it is as easy as ABC to create false profiles on social media. Criminals use this opportunity to get access to others’ profiles by sending friend requests. Once approved, they get access to the victim’s personal data, photographs and albums which they might forward to adult sites, or this may lead to telephonic conversations and meetings, and nobody knows about the consequences. The criminal can also adopt identity of real people by using their hacked photographs and information, for the purpose of attracting friends. This topic holds a strong place among ethical issues in e-marketing. Internet savvy persons are getting more and more informed about false e-marketing or fake e-business advertisements. False identity helps the criminal in preplanned attacks against payment systems like pensions and medical insurance. E-marketing ethics require that in order to carry out effective e-marketing, the e-marketer must base the business on honest grounds. If he is honest in displaying his identity, consumers will automatically come to him because e-consumers always do business with the names they can trust. Similarly, it is unethical to adopt the identity of another successful organization as doing so tends to bring harm to the reputation of the owner of the cloned identity. According to PR Log, a Press Release, twenty fake identity factories had been sealed which were being operated by criminals who produced cloned driving licenses and utility bills. The Metropolitan Police was able to track down these f actories in an Operation, arrested the criminals and closed the factories. If such criminals keep on getting caught, then this would be a good lesson for those who think of crossing the ethical boundaries in interacting with social media and in carrying out e-marketing. Anna Johnson revealed in her article that according to a research conducted by the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) at the University of Chicago, about

Choosing a New Director of Research Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Choosing a New Director of Research - Case Study Example Although the three candidates seem to be worthy candidates, Alexa and Kelsey tend to be more focused on elements of comfort and creativity than results (Northouse, 2010). In this regard, Thomas had previously shown similar traits through his accomplishments at GLF, which earned him the respect of his fellow colleagues. It is apparent that a good leader should be free with other workers in order to establish a good working relationship. Thomas is free with the other colleagues and shares ideas with them because of his vast experience in the company. Sandra Coke should go for someone who is skilled and understands the market dynamics in order to capitalize on the new trends in the industry (Collins, 2014). Thomas deserved the promotion because of his previous experiences and honesty when dealing with other workers (Northouse, 2010). This shall enable to influence changes without resistance from the workers who also understand his abilities to produce good results. The trait approach is useful in the type of recruitment because it makes it easy to recognize the leadership abilities of different individuals. Workers possess varied traits from each other that enable the management to identify the strengths of each party. The trait approach is also suitable since it aids in narrowing down the qualities of candidates on the managerial list. Organizations need to monitor the performance of their workers before promoting them to managerial positions (Northouse, 2010). This makes it appropriate for the management to enhance a smooth transition in the policymaking and distribution of tasks. Considering this, the trait approach is unique and helpful to choose candidates that show good qualities and experience in their duties. Choosing of workers based on traits is suitable than using the academic criteria that only focus on the skills acquired (Weth, 2007).  

Geographical Implications in the Movie A River Runs Through It Review

Geographical Implications in the A River Runs Through It - Movie Review Example This paper illustrates that the movie ‘A River Runs Through It'set features a number of spectacular geographical backgrounds that would amaze even the hard-hearted. One of these spectacular scenes that I just have to begin with is the part where the two brothers are fly-fishing. The producers made the best out of these amazing geographical scenes by using a combination of effective camera positioning to capture the background and adjacent lighting. As included in the original novel written by Norman MacLean back in 1976, the film claims to have been acted on the Blackfoot River in Montana, a geographical feature stretching from the continental divide in Lewis all the way to Clark Fork covering an average of 120 kilometers. Though this is not necessarily included in the movie, the river draws its waters from both springs and snow water further up in western Montana. The setting of the movie particularly the fly fishing scene displays one of the geographical features that are com mon with rivers: erosion. We see that most of the riverbank is covered with smoothened rocks ranging from small rocks to large ones. This can be attributed to the rivers’ erosive nature during transportation be it due to hydraulic action, abrasion or corrosion, corrosion or attrition. The production team in this movie was probably motivated by the fact that other than the information received from the cast, the environment would also be in a position to ‘show off’ and reveal a beautiful nature vested in our country. Moving on to yet another spectacular scene chosen by the production team, we find geographical features like river rapids being applied when the boys get a little naughty with the boat. The dual in their teenage row down this rigorous river in such movements that depict that the riverbed is not regular; this is because of the rapids below. These geographical features are common in riverbeds as the flow moves downstream.

Android Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Android - Essay Example e open handset alliance can be characterised as a consortium of telecommunication companies aimed at promoting the open standards of mobile technology. Incidentally, the first mobile device using the android technology was the HTC dream which was unleashed in the year 2008(Davis &Guy, 74). On the contrary, the android user interface uses the basic concept of direct manipulation. Furthermore, with the aid of touch input which are made to resemble the real world actions for instance the swiping, tapping among other techniques to control the objects visible in the screen of the device. Moreover, other additional internal hardware is used by some android applications to act appropriately based on the user’s requirement for instance the adjusting of the screen depending on the screens orientation(Gookin &Dan, 69). Apparently, some of these internal hardware components include the accelerometer, gyroscopes among other components that are supported by the android technology. Moreover , the android technology allows the user to customize the home screen with the aid widgets which enable the display of live contents for instance the weather among other information. In addition, the android operating system also relays relevant information to the user for instance new text messages and email among other important notifications(Davis &Guy, 39). However, it is worth noting that the android system is not only used in mobile phones only but also in game consoles and television sets thus has a wide application. Essentially, in android systems, MVC is deficient but the system encompasses the following instead. First and foremost, the user defines the user interface in a variety of XML files on the basis of resolution, hardware or any other characteristic. In addition, the user also defines the resource in a variety of XML file on the basis of the locale(Toly, 74). Thirdly, the user extends classes for instance the listactivity, tabactivity and puts into consideration the XML

Philosophy and Its Branches Essay Example for Free

Philosophy and Its Branches Essay The study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline. Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. It is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument. Origin: Middle English: from Old French philosophie, via Latin from Greek philosophia love of wisdom. Philosophy comes from the Greek for love of wisdom, giving us two important starting points: love (or passion) and wisdom (knowledge, understanding). Philosophy sometimes seems to be pursued without passion as if it were a technical subject. Although there is a role for dispassionate research, philosophy must derive from some passion for the ultimate goal: a reliable, accurate understanding ourselves and our world. Branches of philosophy: The following branches are the main areas of study: †¢Metaphysics is the study of the nature of being and the world. Traditional branches are cosmology and ontology. †¢Epistemology is concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge, and whether knowledge is possible. Among its central concerns has been the challenge posed by skepticism and the relationships between truth, belief, and justification. †¢Ethics, or moral philosophy, is concerned with questions of how persons ought to act or if such questions are answerable. The main branches of ethics are meta-ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. †¢Political philosophy is the study of government and the relationship of individuals and communities to the state.

Learning Team Reflection Essay Example for Free

Learning Team Reflection Essay Introduction In business, quality refers measures of excellence and remaining free of defects, deficiencies, and significant variations. Quality products or services are brought about by the commitment to abide by certain standards. These standards are put in place to maintain customer or user satisfaction, (Business Dictionary.com, 2014). In this paper, Learning Team A will discuss total quality management, ISO standards, how these standards are used to improve an organization, benefits and challenges of these standards, and the role of the quality control department within an organization in relation to TQM and ISO standards. Total Quality Management and ISO Total quality management may be defined as managing the entire organization so that it excels on all dimensions of products and services that are important to the customer, (Jacobs, H., Chase, R., 2011).† The two primary goals of total quality management (TQM) are to ensure that the product or service is carefully designed, and secondly, to ensure systems within the organization can consistently produce and design the product or service. TQM resembles Six Sigma to a great degree, but it is a different process. TQM focuses on ensuring standards and guidelines are actually reducing errors while Sigma looks to reduce defects, (Jacobs, H., Chase, R., 2011).† ISO are a series of standards used to measure quality. These guidelines are international guidelines established by the Internal Organization for Standardization. To gain certification for these standards, the process takes greater than a year. ISO 9000 represents standards for the criteria that need to be met during manufacturing processes. ISO 14000 refers to rules or guidelines set for environmental management of industrial production. This standard simply promotes useful tools for businesses to help manage environmental impact, (Investopedia, 2014). Advantages of TQM and ISO in organizations Customer satisfaction is the main goal for every organization. Customers are satisfied if they get a product or service that meets their expectation and if it is of fair price. Total Quality management helps to provide this quality assurance for the customers. It helps the organization to make the needed corrections and improve production. Apart from satisfied customers, organizations also need to improve their efficiency and effectiveness of doing business. TQM places a focus on internal process that includes process alignment, consistent delivery and process productivity (CEBOS, 2012). With TQM, organizations will have a longer term competitive edge. TQM is a philosophy that empowers all the employees and it promotes continuous and sustained improvement. Its basic principle is that the cost of prevention is less than the cost of correction (Gharakhani, Rahmati, Farrokhi, Farahmandian, 2013). Like TQM, ISO also provides benefits for a business. According to (ISO, 2014), when a company improves its operations, it saves cost. Having internationalized standards will improve operations and reduces operational expenses. Standards will help to enhance customer satisfaction and access new markets. It also helps companies to increase their productivity and stay in the competitive edge. ISO 9000, certification increases marketability and reduces product liability risks, because the quality of the product is enhanced. With the ISO 14000, organizations reduce their footprint in global environment. ISO14000 helps companies to save in energy consumption, reduce the cost of waste management, and improve corporate image among regulators, customers and the public (ISO, 2014). References Business Dictionary.com (2014). Quality. Retrieved from, Business Dictionary.com Web site: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/quality.html Investopedia (2014). ISO 9000. Retrieved from, Investopedia Web site: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/iso-9000.asp Investopedia (2014). ISO 14000. Retrieved from, Investopedia Web site: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/iso-14000.asp Jacobs, F., Chase, R. (2011). Product and Service Design. In (Ed.), Operations and Supply Chain Management (13th ed., pp. 38-67). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Irwin. CEBOS (2012). How Can TQM Make Your Business More Successful?. Retrieved from, CEBOS Web site: http://www.cebos.com/how-can-tqm-make-your-business-more-successful/ Gharakhani, D., Rahmati, H., Farrokhi, M. R., Farahmandian, A. (2013). Total Quality Management and Organizational Performance. American Journal of Industrial Engineering, 1(3), pp. 45-50. ISO. (2014). Benefits of International Standards. Retrieved from http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/benefitsofstandards.htm ISO. (2014). ISO 14000 – Environmental management. Retrieved from http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/benefitsofstandards.htm

Models of Accounting Analysis

Models of Accounting Analysis Historic Cost In accounting, historic cost is the first money related quality of a financial item. Historic cost is focused around the stable measuring unit assumption. In a few circumstances, assets and liabilities may be demonstrated at their historic cost, as though there had been no change in value from the date of acquisition. The balance sheet value items may subsequently vary from the accurate value (WIKIPEDIA). Principle An accounting system in which assets are recorded on an balance sheet with the value at which they were obtained, rather than the current market value. The historic cost standard is used to get the measure of capital expended to acquire an asset, and is helpful for matching against changes in profits or expenses identifying with the asset purchased, and in addition for deciding past opportunity costs (Business Dictionary). Impacts Under the historical cost basis of accounting, assets and liabilities are recorded at their values when first acquired. They are not then generally restated for changes in values. Costs recorded in the Income Statement are based on the historical cost of items sold or used, rather than their replacement costs (WIKIPEDIA). Example The main headquarters of a company, which includes the land and building, was bought for $100,000 in 1945, and its expected market value today is $30 million. The asset is still recorded on the balance sheet at $100,000 (INVESTOPEDIA). Current Purchasing Power Accounting Capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power (CMUCPP) is the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) basic accounting model originally authorized in IFRS in 1989 as an alternative to traditional historical cost accounting (WIKIPEDIA). Principle Current Purchasing Power Accounting(CPPA) includes the re-statement of historical figures at current purchasing power. For this reason, historic figures must be multiple by conversion factors. The formula for the calculation of conversion component is: Conversion factor = Price Index at the date of Conversion/Price Index at the date of item arose Conversion factor at the beginning = Price Index at the end/Price Index at the beginning Conversion factor at an average = Price Index at the end/Average Price Index Conversion factor at the end = Price Index at the end/Price Index at the end Average Price Index = Price Index at beginning + Price Index at the end/2 CPP Value = Historical value X Conversion factor (Account Managment Economics). Impacts on Financial Statements financial statements are ready on the basis of historical cost and a supplementary statement is ready showing historical items in terms of present value on the basis of general price index. Retail price index or wholesale price index is taken as an appropriate index for the conversion of historical cost items to show the changes in value of money. This method takes into consideration the changes in the value of items as a result of general price level, but it does not account for changes in the value of individual items (Accounting Managment). Example XYZ Company had a closing balance of inventory at 30 June 2012 equal to $10000. This inventory had been purchased in the last three months of the financial year. Assume the general price level index was 140 on 1 July 2011, 144 on 31 December 2011, 150 on 30 June 2012, the average for the year (July 2011-June 2012) was 145 and the average for April 2012 June 2012 was 147. For showing updated inventory with CPPA, we will use following formula Book value of inventory X current month general price index/ average index of three months = 10000 X 150/ 147 = $ 10204 (Accounting Education). Current Cost Accounting Current cost accounting is a procedure of accounting that attempts to give quality of benefits on the basis of their current replacement require as opposed to the sum they were purchased for (Ask). Principles It influences all the records and accounting reports also their balancing items. A fundamental principle underlying the estimation of gross value added, and hence GDP, is that yield and intermediate utilization must be value at the costs present at the time the processing happens. This intimates that goods withdrawn from inventories must be value at the price prevailing at the times the goods are withdrawn and not at the costs at which they entered inventories (Glossary Of Statistical Terms). Impacts Accounting systems that help in the preparation of financial reports, the cost accounting systems and reports are not subject to rules and standards like the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. As a result, there is huge variety in the cost accounting systems of the different organization and sometimes even in different parts of the same organization (WIKIPEDIA). Advantages Of Historic Cost Historic Cost provide straight forward procedure. It records gains until they are recognize. Historical Costing method are still using in accounting system. Dis-Advantages Of Historic Cost Historic Cost consider as a acquisition cost of an asset and does not recognize current market value. Historic Cost only interested in allocation of cost, not in the value of an asset. It’s neglect the current market value of the asset that may be higher or lower than its suggested. It’s gives flaws in time of inflation (Study Mode). Comments Historical Costing method is still using in accounting system, it is a traditional method of accounting system it is not represent the market value of items, due to which it is not a appropriate method to adopt. Advantages Of Current Purchasing Power Accounting Current purchasing power method uses as measuring unit. It’s provide the calculation facilities to gain or loss in purchasing power due to holding monetary items. In this method, historical accounts continue to be maintained because they prepared on supplementary basis. This method intact the purchasing power of capital contributed by shareholders, so the method is important from the shareholders point of view. This method provides reliable financial information for the management to formulate policies and plans. Dis-Advantages Of Current Purchasing Power Accounting This method is only consider changes in general purchasing power, it does not consider the changes in the value of individual items. This method based on statistical index number which not used in individual firm. It’s difficult to use suitable price index. This method is failed to remove all defects of historical cost accounting system (Accounting Management). Comments Purchasing power accounting is very useful to provide financial information for management and its intact the purchasing power of capital which contributed by shareholders, its useful in inflation time so now in current time this method is very useful. Advantages of Current Cost Accounting This methods use present value of assets, instead of the original purchase price. This type of accounting is addresses the difference between historical and current cost accounting system. This method assigns higher values on the assets owned by the business. This method also used during bankruptcy and liquidation procedures to find the total loss to the owner (Ask). Comments Cost accounting provides accurate situation of the connection between specific cost and specific outputs because traces resources as they moves through company. By adopting cost accounting for business, in that way we learn resources are being wasted and which resource are most profitable (Chron).

Understanding Modernist Writing Essay -- essays research papers

Around 1906, modernist writing was used, but did not yet have a name. James Joyce was the first person to write in a modernist way. It was not until later that the name modernism was established. It was mainly involved with language and how it is used. Modernism is known as a result of the struggle families went through during a certain period of time. Many other authors use modernism in a similar way. To fully understand modernist poetry, a definition and a break down is needed. Modernism is better known as a reflection of historical events. During the time period of 1890-1910, many issues came about in society. Over these twenty years, Americans had massive amounts of change. For example, World War I was beginning and the Industrial Revolution was escalating. It was also the period when cars appeared and there were also massive cultural shifts. For example, John Steinbeck writes about Americans fleeing to California in search of jobs in the novel The Grapes of Wrath. Under a combination of historical pressure such as these, writers came to respect literature as an explanation for an individual life. Modern assembly lines emerged, producing material in mass amounts. Although less educated individuals were able to get jobs, they were treated very poorly. This period reduced the population’s self-confidence severely. Essentially citizens moved down in the ranks between 1890-1910. Modernist writing is known for being hard to comprehend. John Steinbeck is content with people not understanding his books. For example, The Grapes of Wrath is confusing because he claims it is â€Å"A book about the public, not for the public†. (Steinbeck 128) He writes about events that happened to the citizens in depth. Steinbeck is reacting to t... ...s, they have their own writing style which sets them apart. The large cultural wave of modernism emerged in Europe. The same wave traveled to the United States in the early years of the 19th century. Modernism generally expressed a sense of modern life through poetry. Modern life appeared very different from traditional life. It was faster with more science and technology. Modernism settled these changes. Modernism helps readers understand and looker deeper into a writer’s work. The reader is able to analyze and breakdown the authors story. The author also has a point of view which also can be broken down. For example, T.S. Eliot in the â€Å"Wasteland†, leaves parts of the story to the reader’s imagination. This gives an opportunity to the reader to create an opinion of there own. This writing style is more involving and it is different from the ordinary technique.

Sexual Difference and Looking Through the Eyes of Mulvey, Penley, and H

Even though Mulvey presents some intriguing points on how psychoanalysis affects the way gender is viewed in regards to the look, her writing is restricted and one-dimensional in comparison to Constance Penley’s article, â€Å"Feminism, Film Theory, and the Bachelor Machines† (1985). Penley begins by focusing on the idea of the â€Å"bachelor machine:† a practice used from approximately 1850-1925 where â€Å"numerous artists, writers, and scientists imaginatively or in reality constructed anthropomorphized machines to represent the relation of the body to the social, the relation of sexes to each other, the structure of the psyche, or the workings of history.† It is a perpetually moving, self-sufficient system that, as Michael de Certeau states, has a chief distinction of â€Å"being male.† It also includes common themes of, â€Å"an ideal time and the magical possibility of its reversal (the time machine is an exemplary bachelor machine) electrifi cation, voyeurism, and masturbatory eroticism, the dream of the mechanical reproduction of art, and artificial birth or reanimation† (Stam and Miller, 456-457). This leads Penley to discuss a similar theory, that of the cinema as an apparatus itself, which focuses on the same characteristics of the bachelor machine. This theory is discussed through the writings of Jean-Louis Baudry and Christian Metz, but Penley points out that their works close off essential questions about sexual difference. Firstly, Penley informs her readers that, â€Å"in Baudry’s Freudian terms, the apparatus induces (as a result of the immobility of the spectator, the darkness of the theater, and the projection of the images from a place behind the spectator’s head) a total regression to an earlier developmental stage in which the subject hal... ...† (Stam and Miller, 470). Penley’s writing opens up some of the opinions Mulvey presents by examining the complexities of the cinematic apparatus and why that theory restricts female spectatorship as well. These writings are but only a dent in the complicated question on how gender affects spectatorship. As film critics and scholars have constantly been trying to answer this question, so they will continue to do so as long as women feel any kind of threat of male dominance. Works Cited Stam, Robert, and Toby Miller. "Chapter 25: Feminism, Film Theory and the Bachelor Machines (Constance Penley); Chapter 26: Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema (Laura Mulvey)." Film and Theory: An Anthology. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2000. Print. Rear Window. Dir. Alfred Hitchcock. Perf. James Stewart, Grace Kelly, Wendell Corey. 1954. Paramount Pictures, Patron Inc., 1955. DVD.

Exploring Earth Creationist Claims for the Age of the Earth :: Creationism Science Essays

The relative age of the earth is not often seen as a topic of controversy. Much of the scientific data published in school textbooks and taught to students indicate an age on the order of billions of years. Radiometric dating, as well as geological rock studies, have been used as evidence to support such a large expanse of time. However, a small but determined minority, mostly composed of fundamentalist Christians, has been vehemently challenging this age. These so-called â€Å"creation-scientists† have disputed the evidence in support of a young earth. They have added their own measurements and observations, as well as interpreted other scientists’ data, in an attempt to convince others of the possibility and ultimately, the â€Å"truth† of a young earth, one that is no more than 6,000 to 10,000 years old. The young earth idea has its roots in the Bible. If the lineages and families were traced back from known dates in the not-to-distant past, the creation of the world by the eternal Creator would have been around 4000 B.C. Because these creationists call their endeavors scientific, the question arises as to their method for making the claim of a young earth. Creation-science discussions of the age of the earth usually contain several standard items. The first is usually a criticism of the standard evolutionist methods for age determination, radiometric dating. Radiometric dating is the process of determining the age of a substance based on the ratio of isotopes in a given sample. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom defines a particular element. However, the number of neutrons in the nucleus can vary, giving rise to different isotopes of the same element. Some of these isotopes are stable, while others are not. These unstable isotopes radioactively decay to more stable, often lighter elements, called daughter atoms, thereby releasing energy in the form of high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. A particular isotope will have a characteristic half-life, based on the time that it takes for half of the population of the isotope to decay into the daughter elements.

Regression Analysis

REGRESSION ANALYSIS Correlation only indicates the degree and direction of relationship between two variables. It does not, necessarily connote a cause-effect relationship. Even when there are grounds to believe the causal relationship exits, correlation does not tell us which variable is the cause and which, the effect. For example, the demand for a commodity and its price will generally be found to be correlated, but the question whether demand depends on price or vice-versa; will not be answered by correlation. The dictionary meaning of the ‘regression’ is the act of the returning or going back. The term ‘regression’ was first used by Francis Galton in 1877 while studying the relationship between the heights of fathers and sons. â€Å"Regression is the measure of the average relationship between two or more variables in terms of the original units of data. † The line of regression is the line, which gives the best estimate to the values of one variable for any specific values of other variables. For two variables on regression analysis, there are two regression lines. One line as the regression of x on y and other is for regression of y on x. These two regression line show the average relationship between the two variables. The regression line of y on x gives the most probable value of y for given value of x and the regression line of x and y gives the most probable values of x for the given value of y. For perfect correlation, positive or negative i. e. for r=  ±, the two lines coincide i. e. we will find only one straight line. If r=0, i. e. both the variance are independent then the two lines will cut each other at a right angle. In this case the two lines will be  ¦to x and y axis. The Graph is given below:- We restrict our discussion to linear relationships only that is the equations to be considered are 1- y=a+bx – x=a+by In equation first x is called the independent variable and y the dependent variable. Conditional on the x value, the equations gives the variation of y. In other words ,it means that corresponding to each value of x ,there is whole conditional probability distribution of y. Similar discussion holds for the equation second, where y acts as independent variable and x as dependent variable. What purpose does regression line serve? 1- The first object is to estimate the dependent variable from known values of independent variable. This is possible from regression line. – The next objective is to obtain a measure of the error involved in using regression line for estimation. 3- With the help of regression coefficients we can calculate the correlation coefficient. The square of correlation coefficient (r), is called coefficient of determination, measure the degree of association of correlation that exits between two variables. What is the difference between correlation and linear regression? Correlation and linear regression are not the same. Consider these differences: †¢ Correlation quantifies the degree to which two variables are related. Correlation does not find  a best-fit line (that is regression). You simply are computing a correlation coefficient (r) that tells you how much one variable tends to change when the other one does. †¢ With correlation you don't have to think about cause and effect. You simply quantify how well two variables relate to each other. With regression, you do have to think about cause and effect as the regression line is determined as the best way to predict Y from X. †¢ With correlation,  it doesn't matter which of the two variables you call â€Å"X† and which you call â€Å"Y†. You'll get the same correlation coefficient if you swap the two. With linear regression, the decision of which variable you call â€Å"X† and which you call â€Å"Y† matters a lot, as you'll get a different best-fit line if you swap the two. The line that best predicts Y from X is not the same as the line that predicts X from Y. †¢ Correlation is almost always used when you measure both variables. It rarely is appropriate when one variable is something you experimentally manipulate. With linear regression, the X variable is often something you experimental manipulate (time, concentration†¦ and the Y variable is something you measure. Regression analysis is widely used for  prediction  (including  forecasting  of  time-series  data). Use of regression analysis for prediction has substantial overlap with the field of  machine learning. Regression analysis is also used to understand which among the independent variables are related to the dependent variable, and to explore the forms of these relationships. In restricted circumstances, regression analysis can be used to infer  causal relationships  between the independent and dependent variables. A large body of techniques for carrying out regression analysis has been developed. Familiar methods such as  linear regression  and  ordinary least squares  regression are  parametric, in that the regression function is defined in terms of a finite number of unknown  parameters  that are estimated from the  data. Nonparametric regression  refers to techniques that allow the regression function to lie in a specified set of  functions, which may beinfinite-dimensional. The performance of regression analysis methods in practice depends on the form of the data-generating process, and how it relates to the regression approach being used. Since the true form of the data-generating process is not known, regression analysis depends to some extent on making assumptions about this process. These assumptions are sometimes (but not always) testable if a large amount of data is available. Regression models for prediction are often useful even when the assumptions are moderately violated, although they may not perform optimally. However when carrying out  inference  using regression models, especially involving small  effects  or questions of  causality  based on  observational data, regression methods must be used cautiously as they can easily give misleading results. Underlying assumptions Classical assumptions for regression analysis include: ? The sample must be representative of the population for the inference prediction. ? The error is assumed to be a  random variable  with a mean of zero conditional on the explanatory variables. ? The variables are error-free. If this is not so, modeling may be done using  errors-in-variables model  techniques. ? The predictors must be  linearly independent, i. e. it must not be possible to express any predictor as a linear combination of the others. SeeMulticollinearity. The errors are  uncorrelated, that is, the  variance-covariance matrix  of the errors is  diagonal  and each non-zero element is the variance of the error. ? The variance of the error is constant across observations (homoscedasticity). If not,  weighted least squares  or other methods might be used. These are sufficient (but not all necessary) conditions for the least-squares estimator to possess desirable propertie s, in particular, these assumptions imply that the parameter estimates will be  unbiased,  consistent, and  efficient  in the class of linear unbiased estimators. Many of these assumptions may be relaxed in more advanced treatments. Basic Formula of Regression Analysis:- X=a+by (Regression line x on y) Y=a+bx (Regression line y on x) 1st – Regression equation of x on y:- 2nd – Regression equation of y on x:- Regression Coefficient:- Case 1st – when x on y means regression coefficient is ‘bxy’ Case 2nd – when y on x means regression coefficient is ‘byx’ Least Square Estimation:- The main object of constructing statistical relationship is to predict or explain the effects on one dependent variable resulting from changes in one or more explanatory variables. Under the least square criteria, the line of best fit is said to be that which minimizes the sum of the squared residuals between the points of the graph and the points of straight line. The least squares method is the most widely used procedure for developing estimates of the model parameters. The graph of the estimated regression equation for simple linear regression is a straight line approximation to the relationship between y and x. When regression equations obtained directly that is without taking deviation from actual or assumed mean then the two Normal equations are to be solved simultaneously as follows; For Regression Equation of x on y i. e. x=a+by The two Normal Equations are:- For Regression Equation of y on x i. e. y=a+bx The two Normal Equations are:- Remarks:- 1- It may be noted that both the regression coefficient ( x on y means bxy and y on x means byx ) cannot exceed 1. 2- Both the regression coefficient shall either be positive + or negative -. 3- Correlation coefficient (r) will have same sign as that of regression coefficient. Regression Analysis REGRESSION ANALYSIS Correlation only indicates the degree and direction of relationship between two variables. It does not, necessarily connote a cause-effect relationship. Even when there are grounds to believe the causal relationship exits, correlation does not tell us which variable is the cause and which, the effect. For example, the demand for a commodity and its price will generally be found to be correlated, but the question whether demand depends on price or vice-versa; will not be answered by correlation. The dictionary meaning of the ‘regression’ is the act of the returning or going back. The term ‘regression’ was first used by Francis Galton in 1877 while studying the relationship between the heights of fathers and sons. â€Å"Regression is the measure of the average relationship between two or more variables in terms of the original units of data. † The line of regression is the line, which gives the best estimate to the values of one variable for any specific values of other variables. For two variables on regression analysis, there are two regression lines. One line as the regression of x on y and other is for regression of y on x. These two regression line show the average relationship between the two variables. The regression line of y on x gives the most probable value of y for given value of x and the regression line of x and y gives the most probable values of x for the given value of y. For perfect correlation, positive or negative i. e. for r=  ±, the two lines coincide i. e. we will find only one straight line. If r=0, i. e. both the variance are independent then the two lines will cut each other at a right angle. In this case the two lines will be  ¦to x and y axis. The Graph is given below:- We restrict our discussion to linear relationships only that is the equations to be considered are 1- y=a+bx – x=a+by In equation first x is called the independent variable and y the dependent variable. Conditional on the x value, the equations gives the variation of y. In other words ,it means that corresponding to each value of x ,there is whole conditional probability distribution of y. Similar discussion holds for the equation second, where y acts as independent variable and x as dependent variable. What purpose does regression line serve? 1- The first object is to estimate the dependent variable from known values of independent variable. This is possible from regression line. – The next objective is to obtain a measure of the error involved in using regression line for estimation. 3- With the help of regression coefficients we can calculate the correlation coefficient. The square of correlation coefficient (r), is called coefficient of determination, measure the degree of association of correlation that exits between two variables. What is the difference between correlation and linear regression? Correlation and linear regression are not the same. Consider these differences: †¢ Correlation quantifies the degree to which two variables are related. Correlation does not find  a best-fit line (that is regression). You simply are computing a correlation coefficient (r) that tells you how much one variable tends to change when the other one does. †¢ With correlation you don't have to think about cause and effect. You simply quantify how well two variables relate to each other. With regression, you do have to think about cause and effect as the regression line is determined as the best way to predict Y from X. †¢ With correlation,  it doesn't matter which of the two variables you call â€Å"X† and which you call â€Å"Y†. You'll get the same correlation coefficient if you swap the two. With linear regression, the decision of which variable you call â€Å"X† and which you call â€Å"Y† matters a lot, as you'll get a different best-fit line if you swap the two. The line that best predicts Y from X is not the same as the line that predicts X from Y. †¢ Correlation is almost always used when you measure both variables. It rarely is appropriate when one variable is something you experimentally manipulate. With linear regression, the X variable is often something you experimental manipulate (time, concentration†¦ and the Y variable is something you measure. Regression analysis is widely used for  prediction  (including  forecasting  of  time-series  data). Use of regression analysis for prediction has substantial overlap with the field of  machine learning. Regression analysis is also used to understand which among the independent variables are related to the dependent variable, and to explore the forms of these relationships. In restricted circumstances, regression analysis can be used to infer  causal relationships  between the independent and dependent variables. A large body of techniques for carrying out regression analysis has been developed. Familiar methods such as  linear regression  and  ordinary least squares  regression are  parametric, in that the regression function is defined in terms of a finite number of unknown  parameters  that are estimated from the  data. Nonparametric regression  refers to techniques that allow the regression function to lie in a specified set of  functions, which may beinfinite-dimensional. The performance of regression analysis methods in practice depends on the form of the data-generating process, and how it relates to the regression approach being used. Since the true form of the data-generating process is not known, regression analysis depends to some extent on making assumptions about this process. These assumptions are sometimes (but not always) testable if a large amount of data is available. Regression models for prediction are often useful even when the assumptions are moderately violated, although they may not perform optimally. However when carrying out  inference  using regression models, especially involving small  effects  or questions of  causality  based on  observational data, regression methods must be used cautiously as they can easily give misleading results. Underlying assumptions Classical assumptions for regression analysis include: ? The sample must be representative of the population for the inference prediction. ? The error is assumed to be a  random variable  with a mean of zero conditional on the explanatory variables. ? The variables are error-free. If this is not so, modeling may be done using  errors-in-variables model  techniques. ? The predictors must be  linearly independent, i. e. it must not be possible to express any predictor as a linear combination of the others. SeeMulticollinearity. The errors are  uncorrelated, that is, the  variance-covariance matrix  of the errors is  diagonal  and each non-zero element is the variance of the error. ? The variance of the error is constant across observations (homoscedasticity). If not,  weighted least squares  or other methods might be used. These are sufficient (but not all necessary) conditions for the least-squares estimator to possess desirable propertie s, in particular, these assumptions imply that the parameter estimates will be  unbiased,  consistent, and  efficient  in the class of linear unbiased estimators. Many of these assumptions may be relaxed in more advanced treatments. Basic Formula of Regression Analysis:- X=a+by (Regression line x on y) Y=a+bx (Regression line y on x) 1st – Regression equation of x on y:- 2nd – Regression equation of y on x:- Regression Coefficient:- Case 1st – when x on y means regression coefficient is ‘bxy’ Case 2nd – when y on x means regression coefficient is ‘byx’ Least Square Estimation:- The main object of constructing statistical relationship is to predict or explain the effects on one dependent variable resulting from changes in one or more explanatory variables. Under the least square criteria, the line of best fit is said to be that which minimizes the sum of the squared residuals between the points of the graph and the points of straight line. The least squares method is the most widely used procedure for developing estimates of the model parameters. The graph of the estimated regression equation for simple linear regression is a straight line approximation to the relationship between y and x. When regression equations obtained directly that is without taking deviation from actual or assumed mean then the two Normal equations are to be solved simultaneously as follows; For Regression Equation of x on y i. e. x=a+by The two Normal Equations are:- For Regression Equation of y on x i. e. y=a+bx The two Normal Equations are:- Remarks:- 1- It may be noted that both the regression coefficient ( x on y means bxy and y on x means byx ) cannot exceed 1. 2- Both the regression coefficient shall either be positive + or negative -. 3- Correlation coefficient (r) will have same sign as that of regression coefficient.

Internet gambling Essay

manoeuvre online is captureing exponenti altogethery, without the protection of authorized regulative structures that ensure senesce and identicalness verification, the integrity/fairness of the games, or that trus devilrthy caper features argon included on a localize. In a mischievously modulate mesh environment, this withdraw investigates looseness on twenty online sites. Content abridgment was utilised to evaluate whether the sample dis dictationed answerable dramatic romance features.In the absence of established, agreed, regulatory evaluation criteria, the researchers constructed their avow, establish on manakins of intimately pr coiffureice on addressable websites and hobby the rememberations of the spargon rein refreshen Report 2001 and the free rein exemplify 2005. The particular findings suggest that near(prenominal) online manoeuvre sites ar am change and well-nigh show elements of swell practice, which is of interest abandoned the unreg ulated environment and absence of policing. temporary hookup some features ar derived from stately s enunciateplay policies and regulatory influences, some be erratic to the special ethical risks of turn on line. Web designers and commissioning organisations appear to postulate anticipated complaisant criticisms by incorporating guards against wrong outcomes before regulatory masters cast been imposed. As the impossibility of regulating/controlling the net take shape is a common cliche in galore(postnominal) commentators abstract, this self-importance pattern and willingness to cease from taking revenue from vulnerable punters, is intriguing.The authors recommend further research to establish an sinless picture, including the size and characteristics of the UK online romp market. Secondly, to subscribe to and athletic field online bid with much traditional gains of small frys play in terms of minor and puzzle childs play. More studies need to investiga te which forms of trustworthy swordplay are approximately reasoned in simplification venial and paradox gaming. Lastly, the reaction of the pains to legislation and small regulation would be a authorise for policy makers and prudent industry practitioners. asylumSince the change magnitude popularity of net profit glide slope into homes and workplaces in the early nineties, internet bid opportunities provoke expanded at a surprisingly swift pace and much mickle are bid online (Wood, Williams and Lawton, 2007). The unregulated spirit and uncontrollpower of the meshing, with low or no revenue period of play, make believe created a perfect environment for the proliferation of romp (Crist and Ye timer, 1998). Anyone, whatevertime, any(prenominal)where with a computer, a connection, and a cite card git gamble at hundreds of different online sport websites.Repenny statistics state there are as many as 2,500 gaming websites currently operating consistin g of 1,083 online casinos, 592 sports and race-books, 532 poker rooms, 224 online bingo sites, 49 skill game sites, 30 betting exchanges, 25 lottery sites and 17 backgammon sites ( cassino City, 2006). Gamcare (2008) state that the number of lucre dramatic play websites is approximately 3,000. By 12 phratry 2007, the shimmer Commission had received moreover 146 applications for operating certifys that include provision for online dramatic play, a minute proportion of the 2,500 sites worldwide. meshing gambling revenues in a single grade were $651 one million million million in 1998, more than triple the estimated $300 million from 1997 (Sinclair,1999). Further, the global Internet gambling industry is forecast to grow from about $9,000 million in 2004 to $25,000 million in 2010 (European Commission, 2006). If the estimated figures are accurate, then the grandeur of Internet gambling will lodge to rise. childs play presents a oversize gear up of negative loving bump offsprings and online gambling has its witness challenges beyond those of gambling in superior general introducing many new potential capers and rekindling many old ones (Griffiths,1999).Internet and land found casinos amaze occupations detecting and deterring addicted risk submitrs. nonwith baging with the opportunity presented to physically verify age in conventional gambling outlets, no gambling jurisdiction is 100% efficacious in keeping out downstairsage gambling ( bid Online Magazine, 2004). It is feared that the anonymity vortexed by the Internet will exacerbate this caper. Computer-based systems provide risk takers to self-exclude or establish loss limits and may stand a better scene of creation effective than the current systems in most conventional casinos.Whilst a conditiond gambler underside move from site to site, reports of imposters activities layabout be made promptly acquirable with impact details for bodies that aim to answer those wi th conundrum gambling issues. However, offline and online operators opposite than those regulated in the UK, do non foregather info about a clients financial situation, spending or habits, for both(prenominal) practical and protection of screen reasons. A person who has break offed a problem moldinessinessiness find it themselves and take their own constructive steps to stomach it off with it.Operators only(prenominal) train staff to dish out those who believe they agree a problem and approach guest services. Presently there is no comprehensive research or definitive standard as to how to recognise someone who has farmed a gambling problem. The prevailing view is that it is the minority of musicians who develop gambling problems. The current regulatory response to this issue is influenced by this perspective (EGBA, 2007). The harvesting of Internet fun Several factors bedevil contri only ifed to the growth of online gambling. Internet access has increased gl obally and technologies that drive the Internet adopt improved.Confidence in conducting financial transactions online has increased and some political relations have certify online operators within their b targets. The personal computer ex take to the woodss the r apiece of choice. Land-based casinos dictate which games are ready(prenominal) to shammers. Online gambling lets players move through cyberspace to play the games they prefer. The Internet provides the soaringest level of anonymity for conducting gambling. The more pervasive concern has been that the Internet attracts peck a vogue from person-to-person contact, fostering alienation and real-world disconnection (Boase, 2006). The costs of establishing online sites are gainously less than those of land-based gambling trading operations. Flatt (1998) has estimated as bitty as $135,000. b different Gambling The ability to gamble anonymously provides problem gamblers with a safe haven without physical examinat ion or surveillance (Scharf and Corrin, 2002). line of work gambling is categorised as an addiction. A repelling disorder characterised by obsessive thoughts of gambling, a loss of control, often involving lying and theft in order to recover gambling losses. As well as other negative consequences (Netemeyer,1998).Specific to Internet Gambling is the role that technology contributes to alteration in gambling habits (Griffiths, 1999). on that point are no regulated surfaceing times, as exercised by terrestrial operations. It has been argued that there is an exodus from universe, in the whizz that gambling online does not involve real change. A gambler may lose control as he or she flowerpotnot describe a money balance and does not suffer a physical loss. Online gambling loses the social aspect of gambling creating the mischief that there are no friends or peers to discourage a gambler from handout in any case far (Griffiths, 1999). venial Gambling. in that location is a high(prenominal) priority of defend children from online gambling, considered more addictive than conventional forms of gambling, be have got of young person peoples familiarity with and access to computer-based technologies (Conway and Koehler, 2000). They have a perception of control resulting from their skills honed vie PlayStation or interactive video games, and may have a false sense of security boosted by their fluency (Mackay, 2004). other concern is that underage gamblers have thriving access to sites and to forms of gambling, from which they otherwise would be excluded by conventional outlets. Many sites spell a give mode, i.e. play without wagering money.It is suspected that demo games may give very skilful betting odds. Adoles cents who are advantageful on these games could develop a habit which continues when they r various(prenominal)ly matureness and are legally stomachted to gamble for money, when the odds are no longer so favourable (Mackay, 2004). Regul ation Gambling in its various forms is often mark offn as a deeply-rooted trait of the human activity, which although a artificial lake of gratification for many and not innately immoral, passel cause harm to individuals. Gambling has long been subject to regulation by governments, smoothening moral, religious and political mores.A hard-nosed motivation for much(prenominal) regulation is to experience revenue, which king result in a conflict of interest in regulatory regimes, as the industry grows. The objective of regulation can vary from protecting consumers by ensuring the probity and integrity of the gambling operators and the catharsis of fraud and abuse of criminal activities, such as money laundering, to reduction of the social cost of problem gambling. There is a gap in the literature concerning the ability of regulation. Regulation of online gambling is a comparatively new phenomenon and it is too early to valuate its forcefulness.There are debates about grab licensing frameworks, legal and technical foul standards for operators and cover issues, such as protection of node funds, unceasing and repetitive play and intervention to take over problem gambling. Methodology Content compendium, take for this study, has been defined as a systematic, replicable technique for compressing many lyric of textbook into fewer discipline categories based on explicit prescripts of cryptograph (Krippendorff, 1980). Content outline has four key fruit advantages it is unobtrusive it is conciliative and applicable to unstructured materials it is context sensitive. it can be utilise to large amounts of info. The miss of research applying glut analysis to websites is part a result of the complexity of Internet info, in particular the definition of a website, the unit of analysis and the method of sampling. A major problem in conducting Internet content analysis is related to delineate the term website. With a large pile of informatio n on a website, it becomes infeasible to analyse the whole website. then, parts of the website, the units of analysis, moldiness be chosen for evaluation.In entree to size, websites differ in purpose, structure and content, thence selecting a unit of analysis systematically across all samples is highly moot (Ha and James, 1998). Coding an entire website is difficult and can introduce bias based on size. Selecting the unit of analysis is not an favorable task as the volume of info can overwhelm the researcher. In this study the number 1 step was to decide on the sample. The sample consisted of the top twenty most popular online gambling sites visited in Britain, fit in to www. gambling. com, www. cam-orl. co. uk.Internet-betting-online. html and www. ukcasinoguide.org. uk . The sites were accessed and enrolld during a period of three days, in February 2006. The term website was applied on a general level, defined as a lay awayion of pages or files inter-group commun icationed together and available online.The unit of analysis was the homepage, plus utilisation checkmates. The study assay to limit the analysis to the homepage. However, it was decided that the content available on a homepage was too limited and did not necessarily reflect the breadth and scope of content available on the whole website. The study experimented with gambling sites. A commonality of approaches indicated prima facie industry norms.The study observed create of high-priced practice. The content of the websites was evaluated by characteristics providing factual information and of creditworthy gambling. The cryptograph template was based on possible features associated with each of the two categories and was utilize to record the content of each website, within the unit of analysis. Ratings were based on how difficult it was to locate information. More exercising lots meant the information was harder to find and scored a refuse rating. It was believed that the more easily located and extended the information, the more an online gambling operator was affiliated to responsible gambling.Reliability and Validity The dependability of a study involving content analysis refers to the stability and reproducibility of the results (Stemler, 2001). Stability requires researchers to decree the selective information consistently. According to Weber (1990), concerns regarding reliability often stem from the ambiguity of word meanings, category definitions, or other coding rules. The severity of a study involving content analysis is hardened by the finale to which the definitions (included in the dick) reflect the sub-categories. The rigor of categories is intensify by the inclusion of many rowe to arrive at the identical judgment.For utilization, the words gambling and betting were considered interchangeable. One of the primary reasons to conduct content analysis is to salt away objective information. whence, the study ensured that the procedure was distinctly laid out and defined. It was consistently applied to the sample. The following three steps were interpreted to enhance the reliability and validity of the studys findings and to ensure that the information self-collected was objective. First, to enhance the reliability of the results, after the tool was applied to the website, the coder re-coded the website on the same day to ensure verity.Second, the coding intention was tested to ensure the suitability of the categories and the general reliability of the tool. It was chief(prenominal) that the list of variables was consummate(a) and mutually exclusive in order to avoid any confusion. Lastly, to improve the validity of the results, the definitions were reviewed and expanded to ensure that there was an complete list of words for each sub-category where applicable. For example, for the sub-category habituation Help, words such as problem gambling, concerns about gambling, were included in the coding guidelines to broaden the category, allowing the coder to capture the data.Findings Considering the large amount of data collected, only the criteria of responsible gambling were analysed intensively. These are illustrated in card 1. The key areas of concern, underage gambling and problem gambling are expanded in Tables 2 and 3 respectively. Sample characteristics auspices Online gambling security is as good as most other e-commerce sites. There are no reported any security-related fraud (Turner, 2002). Online gambling sites know that cheat their clients is bad for business and therefore tend to be honest. The market is so war-ridden that the reputation of market leaders is paramount.Players are likely to switch to rival sites if practices are questionable. Payment systems are critical to the success of any online business and online gambling operators have their own particular challenges to face. The integrity of systems mustiness be assured. pic Table 1 unpaid worker Initiati ves Systems must be secure from hackers and crackers, from both outside and from within. There are readily available codes to ensure security such as the use of encryption and digital signatures. These technologies are already in use. in all sites accessed displayed secure transaction information.The dot com boom followed by the dot com crash has had Internet gambling casualties. Several Internet gambling operators have gone bankrupt. For example Netbetsports and Luvbet folded owing their guests money (Barker, 2007). These firms had a relatively high profile within the industry. Luvbet was one of the first bookmakers to promote an Internet site offer valuate free betting. Netbetsports offered Internet customers high bet limits and tax free betting, when UK tax rates were still nine per cent. Internet gambling is expanding in ever-changing and unregulated websites (Hartman, 2007 Holahan, 2006).It is uncertain whether as an unintended consequence of domestic regulation risk takin g clients might be challenged to gamble with un linguistic ruled vendors. This could represent an excess excitement factor, maybe generating worse personal consequences, than in an unregulated environment. answerable gambling The concern with responsible gambling is the rationale of this study. It was intended to criterion how online sites recognise that gambling can cause problems for customers and to investigate and record the measures to offer checks. The websites were evaluated tally to how helpful responsible gambling information was.The study found no concord in the responsible gambling information. British legislation requires mandatory procedures promoting socially responsible gambling. This should be clear and prominent on their homepage, if it is to be effective. Eleven sites displayed responsible features on the home page or easily accessible cogitate. Most of the remaining sites contained these features, but access was difficult, hence their lower rating. gracef ul romp and Independent Audits Fair gaming refers to sites operating honestly and responsibly, ensuring monetary swear safety and winning bets paid in a timely manner.Fifty-five per cent of sites accessed contained information stating that they were independently audited. Independent audits corroborate the percentage of payouts of games, review the output and validity of the software package, that it consistently produces random results and fair outcomes of games. For example Price Coopers Water folk at www. roxypalace. com. The Gambling Review Report (2001) recommends that online gambling software systems must be random-operated and tested by the Gambling Commission. Online sites must make payments only to the book of facts card used to make cleaves or by cheque to the player.The study looked for evidence of these recommended features. Security and honesty of transactions are as important to the supplier as the customer. A bad reputation for online gambling sites could be com mercially crippling (Griffiths, 2003). Therefore the responsible features recorded here do have an economic payoff. Ethical averment An ethical code was a key criterion to be assessed when visiting each site. Only one ethical code which covered policies on compliance and data protection, measures restricting minors and the risks of compulsive gambling, was observed.This might be seen as a nail rectify interpretation of corporate social indebtedness (CSR) focussing on legal/rule based elements. Legal safeguards are problematic, since any Internet relationship questions which law should be complied with. Smeaton and Griffiths (2004) found two-thirds of the sites they visited displayed no evidence of social responsibleness and concluded that social responsibility was a low priority for online sites. Problem Gambling Social responsibility can be evidenced by attempts to offer services in a way that does not encourage repetitive play or by take overing a client with a problem.Sixty per cent of the websites provided problem gambling information. Inter cassino UK Ethics work out down finds the website is committed to detecting and reducing compulsive gambling with Med procedures including monthly cook limits and analysis of gambling patterns (this information was not verifable for the study). Coral casino connexion to GamCare and facilities for day-by-day/weekly cleave limits, self elimination periods and access to customer high gear accounts. platinum Play cassino merge to gambling support agencies and facilities for self-assessment tests, free-and-easy/weekly deposit limits, self utmost riddance periods, access to customer accounts and filtering programmes. Spin castling gambling casino crosstie to gambling support agencies and set self exclusion periods. Med City friendship cassino Link to a educational activity of encouraging sensible gambling and link to Gamblers nameless. deplorable Roxy Palace Online cassino Link to G amblers anon. website. paltry 32 Vegas flushed Link to Gamblers Anonymous website. pitiable original Chandler No link or subject matter to be found.Nil Crazy Vegas casino Link to gambling support agencies and facilities for self-assessment tests, day-to-day/weekly deposit limits, selfHigh exclusion periods and filtering programmes. English Harbour Link to Gamblers Anonymous website. Low cassino Tropez No link or core to be found. Nil Vegas Red casino No link or subject to be found. Nil reddish Fortune casino Link to gambling support agencies and facilities for self-assessment tests, daily/weekly deposit limits, selfHigh exclusion periods, access to customer accounts and filtering programmes. Eurobet gambling casino Link to GamCare and facilities for daily/weekly deposit limits, self exclusion periods and access to customerMed accounts. UK Casino Club active Us link leads to a Responsible maneuver Policy which offers a self-assessment test, cooling off M ed periods and exclusion options. Golden Riviera Link to Gamblers Anonymous website. Low William hammock Casino Link to GamCare and facilities for daily/weekly deposit limits, self exclusion periods and access to customerMed accounts. Hammers Casino No link or message to be found.Nil major power Solomons Casino No link or message to be found. Nil www. 888. com Link to Gamblers Anonymous website. Low Table 3 Problem Gambling Information UK legislation requires cooking of gambling operators employees to identify problems and to have procedures to sensitively deal with these. Fifteen sites had problem gambling information. Five joined to the Gamblers Anonymous website. cardinal sites offered assessment tests.It was not within the parameters of this study, to determine if online gambling sites follow up on tests, when a result indicated a problem. ternary of the sites accessed provided information relating to filtering programmes, which can block underage users. These could be found through links to other sites and there was a free trial download rapidness available. Self-exclusion and set Limits A player who feels that he or she is losing control of play and requires help in restricting access to online gambling were served by eight sites in this study that provided the facility for self-exclusion.This option was never located on the homepage and accessed only through work out downs. The study could not determine if applications were molded like a shot or if self-exclusion from one site meant exclusion from multiple sites. It was unclear if these schemes take the gambler to undergo counseling assessments prior to re-admission, or if after the self-exclusion period had lapsed the player automatically was included again. The study was alike not able to clarify if players who invite self-exclusion were accustomed information about problem gambling counseling services.Computer-based systems can allow gamblers to self-exclude or establish lo ss limits and may stand a better chance of being effective than the current systems in most conventional casinos today. Whilst a determined gambler can move from site to site, reports of a players activities can be made readily available, with contact details for bodies that aim to assist those with problem gambling issues. Internet gambling operators are equipped to collect adequate data and information to be able to identify patterns of problem gambling (DCMS, 2006).There is the technical ability for operators to collect enough data to be able to identify patterns of problem gambling. This is a requirement of the 2005 Act. However, this is a prescription medicine only for operators with a British manifest and the position of the European Gambling and dissolute Association (EGBA, 2007) is that it is extremely difficult to supervise and identify when someone has begun to gamble irresponsibly. Therefore according to EGBA, offline and online gambling operators should not collect i nformation about a customers financial situation, spending or habits, for both practical and privacy issues.Operators that act on this aim to establish a responsible reputation and may see it as a competitive advantage factor. and they may infringe the principle of privacy. An issue for regulators is whether to acquire the power to tie operators to intervene in the event of identifying a problem gambler. The technical provisions in Britain for socially responsible Internet gambling have been drafted and are in the process are being applied. Assessment of the effectiveness of regulations in curbing problem gambling has yet to be done.Some sites permit customers to limit the amount of money that they are able to deposit into their account on both a daily and/or a weekly basis. It was noted that amounts may be revised downwards at any time, but increases are implemented after twenty-four hours. The online gambling operators are unable to override limits set by customers. Some sites a llow access to a players full story of transactions, withdrawals and deposits. The Gambling Review Report (2001) recommends online sites should be required to set up facilities that enable players to set maximum stakes, limits and to self-ban.Protection of Underage Gamblers In order to ensure child safety online sites were evaluated for identity verification and exclusion facilities, such as the use of filtering software. The Gambling Review Report (2001) offers guidelines to ensure that acknowledgment standards are comparable to those of off-line casinos. It asserts that all players who register to play online should be flop identified before they are permitted to play. succession Verification Most sites studied required a prospective gambler to only complete a registration form in order to play.These sites rely on the player to disclose their correct age and do not verify the accuracy of the information. Underage gamblers can use their parents credit cards or even their own to register and set up accounts (Schroeder and Versch, 1998). The Gambling Review Report (2001) recommends that players who register online should be properly identified, before they are permitted to play. only sites displayed an age warning on their homepage. 32 Vegas Red alone stated it had taken steps to ensure that their site did not attract young people and used software that stops the underage from joining.Smeaton and Griffiths (2004) have investigated underage gambling and found pathetic standards of verification. The concern is that many sites are not employing identity verifications systems to check the age of players and therefore allow underage play. Verification systems work by peeping available government and financial databases, to find evidence to support the personal information supplied by the player. For example, credit ratings or inclusion on the electoral roll can verify that the player is of the required age. However such searching again might threaten individ ual privacy.InterCasino UK logo displayed on homepage. Ethics application down reveals site requires customers to declare that Low they are of legal age. Coral Casino logotype linked to asseveration that the guild reserves the right to request demonstration of age. Med Platinum Play Casino Logo linked to statement shaping the customer as large(p) and sane as per laws of country of Med residence. Spin Palace Casino Logo linked to statement relying on responsible parenting.Med City Club Casino ground of engage drill down states customer must be giving as per country of residence. Low Roxy Palace Online Casino impairment & Conditions drill down states customer must be of legal age. Low 32 Vegas Red About Us drill down leads to Responsible Gaming drill down stating it is felonious for anyone High under 18 to open an account or to play and that they have taken steps to ensure that the website does not attract young people and our website uses software that stop s under 18s joining (this could not be substantiate by the study).Also requests responsible parenting. sea captain Chandler Logo linked to statement defining the customer as bighearted as per laws of country of residence. Med Crazy Vegas Casino Logo linked to statement relying on responsible parenting. Med English Harbour Terms & Conditions drill down states customer must be of legal age. Low Casino Tropez Terms of Use drill down states customer must be of legal age. Low Vegas Red Casino Terms of Use drill down states customer must be of legal age. Low Ruby Fortune Casino Logo linked to statement relying on responsible parenting.Med Eurobet Casino Logo linked to statement stating the confederation reserves the right to request proof of age. Med UK Casino Club Responsible Gaming drill down leads to downloadable Children Protection software program and urges High responsible parenting. Golden Riviera Terms & Conditions drill down states customer must be of legal a ge. Low William Hill Casino Responsible Gaming drill down leads to statement that the company reserves the right to requestMed proof of age. Hammers Casino Terms of Use drill down states customer must be adult as per country of residence.Low King Solomons Casino Logo linked to statement defining the customer as adult and sane as per laws of country of Low residence. www. 888. com Link leads to statement that it is illegal for anyone under 18 to play and that they have taken High steps to discourage and wipe young people (this could not be verified by the study). Website recommends software financial support responsible parenting. Table 2 be on Verification Telephone Betting The Gambling Review Report (2001) states that aspects of online gambling should be more heavily regulated than conventional gambling.However, the Internets characteristics make it more difficult to regulate. This study looked for evidence of border betting and considered implications of this facility. The three sites that offer the player the facility of speech sound betting have a UK High Street presence. It could be argued that the reason why these organisations have added online sites to their operations is to expand opportunities. Using the BCG Matrix, the shops could be considered cash cows, well-established with high market share. The new online sites could be stars. The prospect of growth is exciting as are the opportunities (McDonald, 2002).Land-based operators provide an online presence, giving extra services for the player, the anonymity of play compared to their shops, higher levels of usibility, and possibly even more security, just to grow their businesses, rather than to offer player protection in this feature (Johnson, 1997). finally this criterion failed to help evaluate the fantasy of responsible on line gambling, given the virtual existence of most sites. technical foul Support All sites provide 24-7 telephone and technical support, with free numb ers, player-to-technician online chatroom and electronic mail support.Every channel of communication is available to guarantee full access for a player. This measure is clearly very important to the site operators and customers. The sites are very efficient in not losing customers through technical problems and offer very many points of contact. Yet the same form of in house supportive counseling service is not offered to problem gamblers. Licenses It is not illegal for British residents to gamble online, nor is it illegal for overseas operators to offer online gambling to British residents.However, the Gambling Act 2005 requires an operator to obtain a licence if they site any piece of equipment, for example a database, presentation device, or determine device in the UK, regardless of whether other devices are outside the country (DCMS, 2005). Gibraltar Canada Caribbean UK undiagnosed 5 7 6 1 1 .Table 4 Sources of Licenses As an example the City Club Casino is licensed by the I sland of Curacao, but displays US and UK freefone numbers, in prominent positions on their website, which may mislead the player into thinking that the site is American or British. Another distorted feature is when UK appears.